Polyacrylamide is typically synthesized from raw materials that include:

1. Acrylamide Monomer: Acrylamide is the primary raw material used in the production of polyacrylamide. It is a small molecule consisting of a vinyl group (CH2=CH-) and an amide group (-CONH2). Acrylamide is derived from the reaction between acrylonitrile and ammonia.

2. Initiators: Initiators are chemicals that initiate the polymerization reaction to convert acrylamide monomers into polyacrylamide polymers. Commonly used initiators include ammonium persulfate (APS) or other peroxides, which generate free radicals to initiate the polymerization process.

3. Cross-Linking Agents (Optional): In some cases, cross-linking agents are used to form cross-links between the polymer chains, resulting in the formation of a three-dimensional network structure. Cross-linking agents, such as N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (BIS), can be added in small amounts to control the degree of cross-linking and modify the properties of the resulting polyacrylamide gel.

4. Buffer Solutions: Buffer solutions are used in gel electrophoresis applications to provide the appropriate pH and ionic strength for the polymerization and electrophoretic processes. Common buffer systems for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis include Tris-Borate-EDTA (TBE) and Tris-Glycine buffers.

5. Other Additives: Depending on the specific application, additional additives may be incorporated into the polyacrylamide formulation. For example, in water treatment processes, coagulants or flocculants like alum or polymer-based coagulants may be used in conjunction with polyacrylamide to enhance the flocculation process.

It's important to note that the synthesis of polyacrylamide requires expert knowledge and specialized equipment to ensure safe handling of acrylamide monomer, proper polymerization, and control of the resulting polymer properties. It is recommended to consult professional sources, industry guidelines, and appropriate safety precautions when handling and synthesizing polyacrylamide.